Spiritual Intelligence: The Highest Level of Human Intelligence – A Scholarly Perspective
Spiritual Intelligence: The Highest Level of Human Intelligence – A Scholarly Perspective Introduction Human intelligence has long been discussed in terms of cognitive ability (IQ) and emotional competence (EQ). However, contemporary educational and psychological research increasingly recognizes a third and more profound dimension— Spiritual Intelligence (SQ) . Spiritual intelligence refers to the ability to apply spiritual principles, values, and meanings to enhance daily functioning, decision-making, and overall well-being. Scholars such as Danah Zohar, Ian Marshall, Robert Emmons, and Cindy Wigglesworth consider SQ the highest form of intelligence because it integrates cognitive, emotional, and moral capacities into a unified framework directed by purpose and wisdom. Defining Spiritual Intelligence 1. Conceptual Definitions Zohar & Marshall (2000) define SQ as the intelligence with which individuals address existential challenges and find meaning, purpose, and direction. Emmon...