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  JAINISM 1.      Introduction Jainism is an ancient Indian religion and philosophical system emphasizing nonviolence (ahi ṃ sā), liberation of the soul ( mokṣa ), strict ethical self-discipline, and an empiric metaphysics that recognizes many-sidedness ( anekānta ). Its spiritual teachers are the Tīrtha ṅ karas (ford-makers); Mahāvīra (6th century BCE) is the last and best-known. The aim is to eradicate karmic bondage through right faith, right knowledge, and right conduct. 2. History (concise but complete) Origins & chronology: Indigenous Indian tradition with roots pre-6th century BCE; classical period associated with Mahāvīra (c. 599–527 BCE in traditional accounts). Jain traditions preserve very old oral and later written literatures (Agamas, commentaries). Early development: Two main sects emerged historically — Śvetāmbara (white-clad) and Digambara (sky-clad). Differences: ascetic practice, canonical texts ...