Detailed explanation of the six pramāṇas according to Indian Philosophy (sources/means of valid knowledge)
Detailed explanation of the six pramāṇas according to Indian Philosophy (sources/means of valid knowledge) 1. Pratyakṣa (Perception) Definition: direct, immediate awareness of objects, properties or states through the senses (external) or inner awareness (mental/introspective). Scope: perception of colour, shape, sound, taste, touch, spatial/temporal relations, mental states (thoughts, memories, feelings). Types / distinctions commonly used External (Bāhyapratyakṣa): sense-perception via the five sense-organs. Internal (Antarātmikā / Manasika): inner perception — awareness of one’s own thoughts, volitions, feelings. Nirvikalpa (indeterminate) perception : raw sensory datum prior to conceptualization (e.g., "a patch of colour "). Savikalpa (determinate) perception : after classification/naming (e.g., “a red pot”). Features (why it’s valid): Immediate (non-inferential). Direct causal link between object and cognitive contact (in many schools)....