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  IDEALISM: A COMPLETE DESCRIPTION 1. Introduction to Idealism Idealism is one of the oldest and most influential philosophies in the history of human thought. It asserts that ideas, mind, or spirit are the ultimate realities of the universe. The physical world is secondary, while consciousness, values, and ideals are primary. In simple terms: “Reality is mental or spiritual, not material.” Idealism upholds values such as truth, beauty, goodness, morality, and spirituality, considering them eternal and absolute. 2. History of Idealistic Philosophy a) Origin Idealism originated in the Vedic and Upanishadic traditions (India) and Greek philosophy (West). Both civilizations independently developed the notion that the ultimate truth is spiritual, not material . b) Development Through Ages Ancient Indian Idealism Upanishads : Brahman (ultimate reality) is pure consciousness. Advaita Vedanta (Śaṅkara) : World is Maya (illusion); Brahman alone is real. Buddhism (Yogachara School) : R...

  ISLAMIC EDUCATION SYSTEM: PHILOSOPHY, LEVELS, CURRICULUM AND METHODOLOGY 1. Introduction Islamic education is a comprehensive system aimed at the holistic development of the individual —spiritually, intellectually, morally, and socially. Rooted in the Qur’an and Sunnah, it views education as an act of worship, a form of spiritual purification, and a means to cultivate righteous, knowledgeable, and socially responsible human beings. Historically, Islamic education has played a transformative role in shaping civilizations, producing scholars in theology, law, philosophy, mathematics, medicine, astronomy, and literature. 2. Philosophical Foundations of Islamic Education 2.1 Tawhid (Unity of God) The principle of Tawhid forms the foundation of the Islamic worldview. Knowledge is considered sacred and interconnected, reflecting the unity of creation under one God. 2.2 Knowledge as Divine Guidance Islamic teachings consider the pursuit of knowledge a religious obligation. The first rev...