Role of Philosophies in Education - Comparitive chart


Role of  Philosophies in Education

Aspect

Naturalism

Idealism

Realism

Pragmatism

Philosophy

Nature is ultimate reality; child grows freely in harmony with nature

Reality is spiritual; truth, beauty, goodness are eternal

Reality is material and

objective; knowledge via senses

Truth is what works;

knowledge is changing and practical

Brief History

Rousseau, Spencer; roots in Charvaka (India)

Plato, Kant, Hegel;

Vivekananda, Gandhi in India

Aristotle, Bacon,

Comenius; modern science influence

William James, John

Dewey; Gandhi, Tagore in India

Meaning & Definition

Education = growth according to nature

Education = realization of self and values

Education = adjustment with environment

Education =

reconstruction of experience

Forms

Physical, mechanical, biological

Subjective, objective, personal

Humanistic, social, sense realism

Humanistic, experimental, instrumental

Principles

Freedom, natural growth, learning by experience

Mind > matter, eternal values, discipline

Knowledge through senses, practical, scientific

Activity, problem-solving, democracy, social

efficiency

Aims of Education

Self-expression,

adjustment, physical and mental development

Self-realisation, moral & spiritual growth

Preparation for real life, intellectual & vocational training

Continuous growth, problem-solving,

democratic adjustment

Curriculum

Child-centred, nature study, activities

Literature, religion, arts, philosophy

Science, math, social studies, vocational subjects

Flexible, activity-based, integrated, social

problems

Teaching Methods

Play-way, activity, trial-and-error, observation

Lecture, discussion,

reasoning, Socratic method

Demonstration, experimentation, projects, field trips

Project method, problem-solving, group work, learning by doing

Discipline

Natural consequences,

freedom with responsibility

Strict, moral training, teacher authority

External laws, training in habits, order

Social discipline, self-control, cooperative work

Role of Teacher

Guide, observer, facilitator

Philosopher, moral guide, role model

Organizer, demonstrator, motivator

Democratic leader, facilitator, co-worker

Contribution

Child-centered education, freedom, play-way

methods

Value education, humanities, and moral discipline

Modern scientific

curriculum, vocational training

Progressive education, project method,

democratic school

Strengths

Focus on individuality, creativity, and science

Emphasis on values, morality, and the teacher-student relation

Practical, scientific, prepares for real life

Practical, adaptable, problem-solving,

democratic

Weaknesses

Ignores moral/spiritual side, risk of indiscipline

Rigid, ignores

science/vocational needs

Neglects values, overemphasis on material

Lacks absolute values, risk of relativism,

discipline issues

Western Contributors

Rousseau, Spencer, Pestalozzi

Plato, Kant, Hegel

Aristotle, Bacon, Comenius

William James, Dewey, Kilpatrick

Indian Contributors

Charvaka, Tagore, Gandhi

Vivekananda, Gandhi, Radhakrishnan

Zakir Hussain, Tagore, Gandhi

Gandhi (Nai Talim), Tagore, J.Krishnamurti


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